Applied Sciences

17 pages, 748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Task Offloading Scheme Based on Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithm

by Yutong Ma and Junfeng Tian

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4761; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094761 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

The rapid development of mobile Internet technology has made users’ requirements for quality of service (QoS) continuously improve. The task unloading process of mobile edge computing has the problem that it is impossible to balance delay and energy consumption for task unloading under [...] Read more.

The rapid development of mobile Internet technology has made users’ requirements for quality of service (QoS) continuously improve. The task unloading process of mobile edge computing has the problem that it is impossible to balance delay and energy consumption for task unloading under the condition of fluctuating network bandwidth. To address this issue, this paper proposes a task offloading scheme based on the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm. On the basis of traditional cloud edge collaborative architecture, the collaborative computing mechanism between edge node devices is further integrated, and the concept of service caching is introduced to reduce duplicate data transmission, reduce communication latency and network load, and improve overall system performance. Firstly, this article constructs an energy efficiency function with a certain weight ratio of energy consumption and latency as the core optimization objective. Then, the task offloading process of mobile terminal devices is modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). Finally, the deep reinforcement learning PPO algorithm is used for training and learning, and the model is solved. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has significant advantages in reducing energy consumption and latency compared to the comparative scheme. Full article

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11 pages, 3601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Image Storage in DNA by an Extensible Quaternary Codec System

by Ruoying Pang, Yiming Dong and Xin Zhao

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4760; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094760 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Silicon-based storage technologies are increasingly failing to meet the explosively growing data storage demands of the information age. DNA-based data storage offers a promising solution due to its unparalleled storage density, long lifespan, low energy consumption, and high parallel accessibility. In this study, [...] Read more.

Silicon-based storage technologies are increasingly failing to meet the explosively growing data storage demands of the information age. DNA-based data storage offers a promising solution due to its unparalleled storage density, long lifespan, low energy consumption, and high parallel accessibility. In this study, we propose a novel True Quadratic Codec System (ETQ) that directly encodes data into nucleotide sequences using a quaternary encoding approach. By treating A, T, C, and G as direct encoding symbols (0, 1, 2, 3), an ETQ eliminates the intermediate binary-to-ATCG conversion step, thus surpassing the theoretical storage density limit of 2 bits/nt. An ETQ is built on these three key components: (1) dividing image data into B, G, and R color channels for separate encoding and storage, (2) employing quaternary Huffman encoding to map image information directly into nucleotide sequences, and (3) integrating Reed–Solomon error correction codes to enhance data reliability and system extensibility. The ETQ framework demonstrates significant improvements in storage density and efficiency compared to conventional methods. By leveraging the inherent properties of DNA, this system offers a scalable and cost-effective solution that addresses the growing global data storage crisis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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21 pages, 9785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Hydraulic Fracturing Technology for Roof Stratigraphic Horizon in Coal Pillar Gob-Side Roadway

by Tong Sun, Zhu Li, Qingyuan He, Dan Ma, Benben Liu and Xuefeng Gao

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4759; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094759 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The return roadway in Limin Coal Mine experiences strong mine pressure during the mining work of the I030902 working face, which poses potential safety hazards to production and management. Therefore, hydraulic fracturing is used to relieve pressure on the free coal pillar roof. [...] Read more.

The return roadway in Limin Coal Mine experiences strong mine pressure during the mining work of the I030902 working face, which poses potential safety hazards to production and management. Therefore, hydraulic fracturing is used to relieve pressure on the free coal pillar roof. Hydraulic fracture simulation tests using gelatin materials were conducted, and the propagation of the hydraulic fracturing cracks in gelatin simulating different key strata was obtained, which led to the design of the hydraulic fracturing used in the I030902 working face at Limin Coal Mine. According to the analysis of the on-site tests, after fracturing, the roof pressure decreased by 17.8%, the average pressure step distance reduced by 18.0%, the average daily rate of the roof and floor convergence decreased by 63.86%, and the average daily rate of the roof and floor convergence was reduced by 72.4%. Therefore, the feasibility of the hydraulic fracturing in weak structure formation in hard roof strata and roadway deformation control has been verified, providing a theoretical foundation and on-site date for the relief of free roadway roof pressure. Full article

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22 pages, 1166 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence and MCDA in Circular Economy: Governance Strategies and Optimization for Reverse Supply Chains of Solid Waste

by Joel Joaquim de Santana Filho, Arminda do Paço and Pedro Dinis Gaspar

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4758; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094758 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The integration of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the governance of reverse supply chains for solid waste (RSCSW) within a circular economy framework. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of these methods compared [...] Read more.

The integration of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the governance of reverse supply chains for solid waste (RSCSW) within a circular economy framework. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of these methods compared to traditional waste management practices. This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR), following PRISMA guidelines and the P.I.C.O. framework, to investigate how MCDA and AI can optimize governance, operational efficiency, and the sustainability of RSCSW. After collecting 1139 articles, 22 were selected and used for analysis. The results indicate that hybrid MCDA-AI models, employing techniques, such as TOPSIS, AHP, neural networks, and genetic algorithms, enhance decision-making automation, reduce costs, and improve waste traceability. Nevertheless, regulatory barriers and technological challenges still hinder large-scale adoption. This study proposes an innovative framework to address these gaps and drive evidence-based public policies. The findings provide guidelines for policymakers and managers, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda and advancements in circular economy governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization, Green Technologies and Circular Economy)

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34 pages, 11857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Portable Optical Sensor for Microplastic Detection: Development and Calibration

by Maximiliano Campos-López, Ricardo Aguilar-Garay, Dafne E. González-Rodriguez, Verónica I. Mejía-Lopez, Margoth M. Gamboa-Lugo, Vicente Garibay-Febles, Marco A. Reyes-Guzmán, Álvaro Gordillo-Sol and Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4757; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094757 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment and represent a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. This study describes a prototype sensor designed to detect microplastics by analyzing samples with multiple wavelengths of light. The system uses samples of commercially available microplastics and [...] Read more.

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment and represent a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. This study describes a prototype sensor designed to detect microplastics by analyzing samples with multiple wavelengths of light. The system uses samples of commercially available microplastics and includes passive low-pass filters to reduce noise for accurate readings. The prototype measures light attenuation and produces color spectra that helps identify microplastics. Its design focuses on precision, electronic control, and optical sensing, making it an affordable option for environmental monitoring. Early experiments demonstrate that the prototype is sensitive and reliable under a variety of conditions. Future improvements may add machine learning and fuzzy logic to increase accuracy and expand its use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)

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15 pages, 9170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of Structural Plane Identification for Roadway Surrounding Based on Deep Learning

by Qiang Xu, Ze Xia, Gang Huang, Xuehua Li, Xu Gao and Yukuan Fan

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094756 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The accurate evaluation of rock mass quality and competent roadway-support decision-making requires the rapid and accurate acquisition of the distribution of structural planes in rocks. To address this need, a program was developed that uses deep learning to automatically recognize the structural plane [...] Read more.

The accurate evaluation of rock mass quality and competent roadway-support decision-making requires the rapid and accurate acquisition of the distribution of structural planes in rocks. To address this need, a program was developed that uses deep learning to automatically recognize the structural plane in-borehole images. First, borehole images from 30 mines in China were collected during field tests, and the structural planes in the images were categorized into five types. Second, a deep Coral architecture based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) was established to automatically extract features from the borehole images and classify the structural planes therein. The experimental results indicate that the CNN model classifies the structural planes in the borehole images with an overall accuracy of 86%. Validation tests in field applications demonstrated recognition accuracies ranging from 0.76 to 1.0 compared to manual markings, meeting engineering requirements. Finally, based on the proposed method, an intelligent system to recognize surrounding rock fracture was developed. Engineering application cases are presented and discussed to demonstrate the method and confirm the accuracy of this approach. Compared with traditional classification methods, the proposed method rapidly recognizes and classifies structural planes in borehole images at low cost, with precision, and in a non-destructive and automated manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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20 pages, 3352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interpretable Machine Learning for Population Spatialization and Optimal Grid Scale Selection in Shanghai

by Yuan Cao, Hefeng Wang, Lanxuan Guo, Anbing Zhang and Xiaohu Wu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4755; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094755 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fine-scale population distribution information is crucial for applications in urban public safety, planning, and management. However, when using machine learning methods for population spatialization, issues such as data overfitting and limited interpretability need to be addressed. This study introduced a combined approach using [...] Read more.

Fine-scale population distribution information is crucial for applications in urban public safety, planning, and management. However, when using machine learning methods for population spatialization, issues such as data overfitting and limited interpretability need to be addressed. This study introduced a combined approach using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) to estimate population spatialization at various grid scales and interpret the key influencing factors, then we applied accuracy evaluation metrics and landscape ecology indices to identify the optimal grid scale. The results showed that the XGBoost model outperformed the WorldPop dataset in accuracy across all grid scales, with determination coefficients (R²) consistently exceeding 0.83. The SHAP analysis revealed that the primary influencing factors were the address, access, and dwelling characteristics of points of interest (POIs). The influence of these factors showed regional variations, with urban centers having a strong positive effect, while the negative influence increased with the distance to suburban areas. The population density estimates across different grid scales consistently exhibited a spatial gradient pattern of decreasing density from the urban center toward suburban areas. Based on comprehensive evaluations of accuracy and spatial heterogeneity, the 100 m grid was identified as the optimal scale for Shanghai’s population spatialization. The proposed XGBoost-SHAP population spatialization method demonstrates high reliability and generalizability, effectively explaining the heterogeneity of population distribution. This approach not only provides critical decision-making support for urban planning but also serves as a methodological reference for high-resolution population spatialization studies in other cities. Full article

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17 pages, 3011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Tall Bridge Piers Under Multidimensional Pulse Earthquakes Considering Varying Damping Ratios

by Gaojie Yun and Chunguang Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4754; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094754 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The dynamic response of tall bridge piers with varying damping ratios under three-dimensional pulse ground motion remains insufficiently understood. To control the pulse characteristic parameters accurately and eliminate interference from actual seismic records, this study uses the earthquake wave synthesis software to generate [...] Read more.

The dynamic response of tall bridge piers with varying damping ratios under three-dimensional pulse ground motion remains insufficiently understood. To control the pulse characteristic parameters accurately and eliminate interference from actual seismic records, this study uses the earthquake wave synthesis software to generate three pulse seismic waves and non-pulse seismic waves with varying seismic characteristic periods. The dynamic response analysis of tall bridge piers under one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional seismic input conditions is carried out. The influence mechanism of pulse effect, damping ratio and ground motion dimension on structural response is mainly discussed. The results show that the peak displacement and peak shear stress response of tall bridge pier structures under pulse ground motion are 0.0614 m and 0.1727 MPa larger than those under non-pulse ground motion, respectively. The responses of the displacement and shear stress of the tall bridge pier subjected to pulse ground motion exceed those under non-pulse ground motion. When the action time exceeds 18 s, the influence on the displacement and shear stress time history curve of the tall bridge pier is ranked as follows: pulse ground motion > damping ratio > non-pulse ground motion. Under multidimensional non-pulse ground motion, the maximum errors in peak displacement at the Z section and peak shear stress at the YZ section of a tall bridge pier are 0.05% and 5.27%, respectively. These errors increase to 0.67% and 1.68% under multidimensional pulse ground motion, respectively. Compared with one-dimensional seismic conditions, two-dimensional and three-dimensional ground motions result in smaller displacement and shear stress errors at the Z section, but larger errors at the X section, particularly for peak displacement and shear stress at the YZ section. This highlights the greater complexity of multidimensional seismic forces and their varying impacts on different sections of tall bridge piers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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22 pages, 10925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Microstructural Changes in Nickel-Based Alloys on Their Corrosion Resistance in Molten Halides: A Consideration of Prospective Structural Materials for Molten Salt Reactors

by Anastasia I. Trubcheninova, Aleksander V. Abramov, Ruslan R. Alimgulov, Ilya B. Polovov and Vladimir A. Volkovich

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4753; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094753 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Corrosion of nickel alloys in molten salts is a complex process dependent on many factors. The paper describes the influence of microstructural changes in several nickel-based alloys (Hastelloy^® G-35^®, VDM^® Alloy 59, KhN62M-VI, Hastelloy^® B-3^®) on [...] Read more.

Corrosion of nickel alloys in molten salts is a complex process dependent on many factors. The paper describes the influence of microstructural changes in several nickel-based alloys (Hastelloy^® G-35^®, VDM^® Alloy 59, KhN62M-VI, Hastelloy^® B-3^®) on the mechanism of their corrosion in molten fluoride salts. The corrosion experiments were performed in LiF–NaF–KF and (LiF–NaF–KF) + UF₄ melts at 550–750 °C. Formation of excess secondary phases along the grain boundaries of the alloys led to heterogeneity of the alloy microstructure. As a result of these changes, microgalvanic couples formed on the surface of the alloys, leading to the development of intergranular corrosion upon contact with molten electrolytes. Secondary phases acted as microanodes or microcathodes depending on a number of factors. Formation and composition of the secondary phases affected the depth and extent of the corrosion damage to nickel alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Physical Properties of Materials for Nuclear Engineering)

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25 pages, 8106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparative Behavior of Undisturbed Soft Clay Results Based on Photogrammetry and Numerical Simulation

by Yi Zhang, Jungang Liu, Chunmei Mu, Zhibo Qiao, Mingliang Fan and Chunfan Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4752; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094752 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Measuring the soil’s deformation and strength during loading is essential when evaluating saturated, undisturbed soft clays with the triaxial test apparatus. A photogrammetry method has been developed to measure total and localized volume changes on saturated, undisturbed soft clays during triaxial testing. In [...] Read more.

Measuring the soil’s deformation and strength during loading is essential when evaluating saturated, undisturbed soft clays with the triaxial test apparatus. A photogrammetry method has been developed to measure total and localized volume changes on saturated, undisturbed soft clays during triaxial testing. In this study, an application of the photogrammetry method is presented by performing a series of triaxial tests with different confining pressures on saturated undisturbed soft clays. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of soft clay deformation are conducted using finite element analysis (FEM) software. The research paper showed that the photogrammetry method delivers a more accurate representation of the soil sample’s deformation, as conventional tests and simulations tend to overestimate the deviator stress values relative to photogrammetry slightly. The simulation from FEM results show a strong relationship with the localized deformation data obtained through photogrammetry. This photogrammetry method provides valuable theoretical insights and practical uses in engineering applications. Full article

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23 pages, 7753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastic Pollution on the Beaches of the Black Sea in Romania and Bulgaria

by Mirel Glevitzky, Gabriela-Alina Dumitrel, Gerlinde Iuliana Rusu, Daniela Toneva, Stoyan Vergiev, Mihai-Teopent Corcheş, Ana-Maria Pană and Maria Popa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4751; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094751 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Microplastic pollution has gained attention in recent years due to its adverse impact on the environment. As a major threat to marine ecosystems and biota, the accumulation of microplastics along coastlines has become a growing concern. This study focused on quantifying and characterizing [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution has gained attention in recent years due to its adverse impact on the environment. As a major threat to marine ecosystems and biota, the accumulation of microplastics along coastlines has become a growing concern. This study focused on quantifying and characterizing the presence, distribution, and composition of microplastics along the beaches of Romania and Bulgaria. Microplastics were extracted from beach sand samples using a saturated NaCl solution. The particles were then analyzed through FT-IR and DSC spectral analyses to identify their chemical composition. Sampling was conducted across several resorts along the Romanian and Bulgarian coastlines. The findings revealed varying concentrations of microplastics across different beaches, with Romanian beaches showing concentrations of between 40 and 213 particles per sample (470–2500 microplastics/kg), which were notably higher in areas like Mamaia and Costinești. On Bulgarian beaches, the average concentrations reached up to 137 particles per sample (1612 microplastics/kg), particularly in areas like Sunny Beach and Nessebar. Polyethylene (PE) was identified as the most prevalent polymer (55%), followed by polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyurethane (PU). These polymers were linked to common sources such as packaging, textiles, and industrial products. Microscopic examination, combined with FT-IR and DSC spectral analysis, confirmed the plastic nature of the particles, revealing distinct chemical structures characteristic of each material type. This study underscores the widespread contamination of Romanian and Bulgarian beaches with microplastics, emphasizing the environmental risks to coastal ecosystems. The presence of synthetic polymers highlights the urgent need for policies targeting plastic waste management to mitigate the growing pollution in marine environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano/Micro Plastic and Emerging Plastic in the Environment: Monitoring, Analysis, and Remediation)

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14 pages, 14880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Inversion Method for Concrete Gravity Dam on Soft Rock Foundation

by Guanglin Yin, Chaoning Lin, Taozhen Sheng, Wenbo Xue, Tongchun Li and Siyu Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4750; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094750 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study presents a dynamic inversion method for the concrete gravity dam on a soft rock foundation, aiming to accurately characterize the time-dependent trend of the dam’s mechanical properties. Conventional static inversion methods often overlook temporal variations in material behavior, particularly the long-term [...] Read more.

This study presents a dynamic inversion method for the concrete gravity dam on a soft rock foundation, aiming to accurately characterize the time-dependent trend of the dam’s mechanical properties. Conventional static inversion methods often overlook temporal variations in material behavior, particularly the long-term weakening of soft rock foundations under environmental influences. To address this limitation, an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is developed for dynamic parameter inversion, combining real-time monitoring data with finite element modeling to evaluate the time-varying elastic modulus of the foundation. The results reveal an exponential decay in the foundation’s elastic modulus (from 4.67 GPa to approximately 3.83 GPa), while the dam body maintains a stable modulus of 20.74 GPa. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the dynamic inversion approach, which accounts for time-dependent parameter degradation, significantly improves the displacement prediction accuracy of the dam. The results highlight the critical importance of incorporating temporal mechanical property variations in inversion analyses to ensure reliable structural assessments and enhance long-term dam safety management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Civil Structural Health Monitoring: Techniques, Systems and Applications)

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14 pages, 2384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithm-Based Real-Time Analysis of Heart Rate Measures in HIIT Training: An Automated Approach

by Sergio Amat, Sonia Busquier, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, Manuel Gómez-López and José Pino-Ortega

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4749; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094749 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely used in sports and health due to its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, requiring accurate monitoring of heart rate variations to assess performance. This study proposes an automated algorithm to identify key heart rate parameters in real time, [...] Read more.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely used in sports and health due to its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, requiring accurate monitoring of heart rate variations to assess performance. This study proposes an automated algorithm to identify key heart rate parameters in real time, eliminating the need for manual supervision. The algorithm detects local maxima and minima in the heart rate signals recorded during HIIT sessions and calculates ascending and descending slopes, as well as intermediate averages, to evaluate cardiovascular response and recovery. The results demonstrate that the algorithm effectively identifies these parameters in all analyzed cases, providing objective insights into an athlete’s fitness level. Higher ascending slopes and lower descending slopes were associated with poorer physical condition, while a progressive increase in maxima and minima indicated proper HIIT execution and cardiovascular adaptation. This automated approach enhances performance monitoring, enabling personalized training adjustments and long-term fitness tracking. Future research should explore its applicability across different training populations and integrate additional physiological metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering)

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22 pages, 7971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Investigation of Enhanced Microfluidic Immunoassay by Multiple-Frequency Alternating-Current Electrothermal Convection

by Qisheng Wu, Shaohua Huang, Shenghai Wang, Xiying Zhou, Yuxuan Shi, Xiwei Zhou, Xianwu Gong, Ye Tao and Weiyu Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4748; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094748 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Compared with traditional immunoassay methods, microfluidic immunoassay restricts the immune response in confined microchannels, significantly reducing sample consumption and improving reaction efficiency, making it worthy of widespread application. This paper proposes an exciting multi-frequency electrothermal flow (MET) technique by applying combined standing-wave and [...] Read more.

Compared with traditional immunoassay methods, microfluidic immunoassay restricts the immune response in confined microchannels, significantly reducing sample consumption and improving reaction efficiency, making it worthy of widespread application. This paper proposes an exciting multi-frequency electrothermal flow (MET) technique by applying combined standing-wave and traveling-wave voltage signals with different oscillation frequencies to a three-period quadra-phase discrete electrode array, achieving rapid immunoreaction on functionalized electrode surfaces within straight microchannels, by virtue of horizontal pumping streamlines and transverse stirring vortices induced by nonlinear electrothermal convection. Under the approximation of a small temperature rise, a linear model describing the phenomenon of MET is derived. Although the time-averaged electrothermal volume force is a simple superposition of the electrostatic body force components at the two frequencies, the electro-thermal-flow field undergoes strong mutual coupling through the dual-component time-averaged Joule heat source term, further enhancing the intensity of Maxwell–Wagner smeared structural polarization and leading to mutual influence between the standing-wave electrothermal (SWET) and traveling-wave electrothermal (TWET) effects. Through thorough numerical simulation, the optimal working frequencies for SWET and TWET are determined, and the resulting synthetic MET flow field is directly utilized for microfluidic immunoassay. MET significantly promotes the binding kinetics on functionalized electrode surface by simultaneous global electrokinetic transport along channel length direction and local chaotic stirring of antigen samples near the reaction site, compared to the situation without flow activation. The MET investigated herein satisfies the requirements for early, rapid, and precise immunoassay of test samples on-site, showing great application prospects in remote areas with limited resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrokinetic Phenomena in Microfluidics and Nanofluidics and Their Lab-on-a-Chip Applications)

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13 pages, 409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplement Use Among Athletes: Insights from Gyms in Sarajevo

by Denis Čaušević, Cristina Ioana Alexe, Nedim Čović, Elena Adelina Panaet, Ensar Abazović, Raul Marian Todor, Babina Rani, Gabriel Lupu and Dan Iulian Alexe

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4747; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094747 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the habits, attitudes, and consumption patterns of food supplements (FS) among gym users in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with respect to gender, age, and training experience. Understanding these behaviors is essential given the rising global trend in FS [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the habits, attitudes, and consumption patterns of food supplements (FS) among gym users in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with respect to gender, age, and training experience. Understanding these behaviors is essential given the rising global trend in FS use, often without professional guidance, which can have implications for individual health and public awareness. By investigating local patterns, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the motivations and risks associated with supplement consumption, contributing to evidence-based recommendations and policy-making in the field of fitness and nutrition. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from various fitness centers using an online questionnaire composed of 21 questions divided into three segments. A total of 614 participants (mean ± SD: 32.77 ± 9.82 years), including both male (67.8%) and female (32.2%) gym users, took part in the study. Results: Participants predominantly belonged to the 36–45 age group, with 70.0% (p < 0.001) reporting more than one year of regular gym attendance, and 40.4% indicating regular FS consumption (p < 0.05). Supplements were mainly used to support faster recovery (29.1%, p < 0.05) and muscle growth (25%, p < 0.05). Magnesium was the most commonly used supplement, equally favored across genders and age groups. Creatine, fish oil capsules, and multivitamins were also frequently consumed (p < 0.05). Self-prescription emerged as the predominant method of FS use (40.3%, p < 0.05), followed by advice from gym coaches (21.8%), with only 5.6% of participants receiving guidance from a nutritionist. Conclusions: The findings highlight a societal trend toward self-directed FS use, often influenced by informal sources, underscoring the importance of further research and the development of targeted, evidence-based educational strategies. Males reported higher FS consumption, with younger users more focused on muscle gain and older individuals prioritizing health maintenance. The reliance on non-expert recommendations raises concerns about the safety and effectiveness of FS usage in the fitness community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supplements for Health and Sports Performance)

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14 pages, 891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Axial Compression Transformer for Efficient Human Pose Estimation

by Wen Tan, Haixiang Zhang and Xinyi Song

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4746; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094746 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Transformer has a wide range of applications in human posture estimation. It can model the global dependence relationship of images through the self-attention mechanism to obtain key human body information. However, Transformer consumes a lot of computation. An axial compression pose transformer (ACPose) [...] Read more.

Transformer has a wide range of applications in human posture estimation. It can model the global dependence relationship of images through the self-attention mechanism to obtain key human body information. However, Transformer consumes a lot of computation. An axial compression pose transformer (ACPose) method is proposed to reduce part of the computational cost of Transformer by the axial compression of the input matrix, while maintaining the global receptive field by feature fusion. A Local Enhancement Module is constructed to avoid the loss of too much feature information in the compression process. In the COCO dataset experiment, there was a significant reduction in computational cost compared to those of state-of-the-art transformer-based algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Image Processing, Analysis and Recognition Technology)

30 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verifiable Threshold Multi-Party Fully Homomorphic Encryption from Share Resharing

by Yuqi Xie, Ruwei Huang and Junbin Qiu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4745; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094745 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Threshold multi-party fully homomorphic encryption (TMFHE) schemes enable efficient computation to be performed on sensitive data while maintaining privacy. These schemes allow a subset of parties to perform threshold decryption of evaluation results via a distributed protocol without the need for a trusted [...] Read more.

Threshold multi-party fully homomorphic encryption (TMFHE) schemes enable efficient computation to be performed on sensitive data while maintaining privacy. These schemes allow a subset of parties to perform threshold decryption of evaluation results via a distributed protocol without the need for a trusted dealer, and provide a degree of fault tolerance against a set of corrupted parties. However, existing TMFHE schemes can only provide correctness and security against honest-but-curious parties. We construct a compact TMFHE scheme based on the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem. The scheme applies Shamir secret sharing and share resharing to support an arbitrary t-out-of-N threshold access structure, and enables non-interactive reconstruction of secret key shares using additive shares derived from the current set of online participants. Furthermore, the scheme implements commitment and non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) proof techniques to verify the TMFHE operations. Finally, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves active security against malicious adversaries. It overcomes the limitation of existing TMFHE schemes that can only guarantee correct computation under passive semi-honest adversaries. Full article

17 pages, 5330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Robotic Work Cell Using Hierarchical Systems Approach and Visual Components Software

by Kanstantsin Miatliuk, Krystian Koc, Atakan Eliacik, Paulo E. Miyagi and Marcosiris A. O. Pessoa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4744; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094744 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The use of Hierarchical Systems (HS) technology in the conceptual design of the RWC (Robotic Work Cell) is proposed in the work. In comparison with other widespread approaches, the conceptual model of the RWC constructed in the HS formal basis contains connected models [...] Read more.

The use of Hierarchical Systems (HS) technology in the conceptual design of the RWC (Robotic Work Cell) is proposed in the work. In comparison with other widespread approaches, the conceptual model of the RWC constructed in the HS formal basis contains connected models of RWC subsystems, their processes, the RWC structure, its dynamic presentation as the unit in its environment, and the RWC coordinator. The design and control system of RWC is presented in the form of an HS coordinator. For the detailed design of the selected RWC, the Visual Components system was applied in the work. First, the conceptual model of the RWC is presented in the paper. The application of the Visual Components program system for the detailed design of the RWC is described after that. Third, the laboratory experiment with the KUKA KR16-2 F robot is briefly considered. The originality of the proposed work lies in the application of the novel HS technology in the creation of the conceptual model and design of the selected RWC. The model developed at the conceptual design phase is coordinated with the model created at the detailed design phase within the framework of the Visual Components system. The effectiveness of the proposed HS approach in comparison with other known design, AI, and mathematical methods lies in the possibility of solving RWC synthesis and analysis design problems within the framework of one common formal HS model using an HS coordinator that connects the structure of the system being designed with its function, predicting, in this way, the system’s dynamics in its environment, and performing RWC control. The reliability of the model proposed was verified while performing the design and control tasks of the presented RWC and various other mechatronic objects. The results and conclusive remarks are finally presented in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Conceptual Design of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1629 KiB

Open AccessReview

Focused Ultrasounds in the Rehabilitation Setting: A Narrative Review

by Carmelo Pirri, Nicola Manocchio, Daniele Polisano, Andrea Sorbino and Calogero Foti

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4743; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094743 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging noninvasive technology with significant therapeutic potential across various clinical domains. FUS enables precise targeting of tissues using mechanisms like thermoablation, mechanical disruption, and neuromodulation, minimizing damage to surrounding areas. In movement disorders such as essential tremor and [...] Read more.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging noninvasive technology with significant therapeutic potential across various clinical domains. FUS enables precise targeting of tissues using mechanisms like thermoablation, mechanical disruption, and neuromodulation, minimizing damage to surrounding areas. In movement disorders such as essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease, MR-guided FUS thalamotomy has demonstrated substantial tremor reduction and improved quality of life. Psychiatric applications include anterior capsulotomy for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder, with promising symptom relief and minimal cognitive side effects. FUS also facilitates blood-brain barrier opening for drug delivery in neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Musculoskeletal applications highlight its efficacy in managing chronic pain from knee osteoarthritis and lumbar facet joint syndrome through precise thermal ablation. Additionally, FUS has shown potential in neuropathic pain management and peripheral nerve stimulation, offering innovative approaches for amputees and cancer survivors. Cognitive and neuromodulatory research underscores its ability to enhance motor function and interhemispheric cortical balance, benefiting stroke and traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Despite these conditions frequently leading to various kinds of disabilities, no direct exploration of the possible FUS application in rehabilitation is yet available in the literature. All this considered, this review aims to discuss how FUS could be applied in rehabilitation, exploring the current status of knowledge and highlighting future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches and Tools for Healthcare and Medical Applications)

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